ZHANG Hui   School of Economics 

ABSTRACT

In order to further build "Beautiful China" and harmonious co-existence between human and nature, Chinese government proposed to establish the "National Park System" in 2015. The Three-river-source National Park Pilot is the first National Park Pilot in China. The pilot work of the Three-river-source National Park has been going on in an orderly manner. The Three-river-source National Park is not only the birthplace of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Lantsang River, but also an important ecological function area for water conservation and a key ecological barrier area for China and even Southeast Asia. As the "water tower of China", the Three-river-source National Park is the source of life and civilization.

Through a long period of unremitting efforts in ecological protection and construction, the trend of ecosystem degradation in the source area of the three rivers has been alleviated. However, the overall trend of regional ecological environment degradation has not been fundamentally curbed. Problems of grassland degradation, water and soil loss, land desertification, snow and ice melting and so on, still are very outstanding. The ecosystem is fragile. The economic and social foundation is weak. There is still a long way to go to achieve the goal of ecological conservation and restoration. Subject to economic development lag and the overuse of natural resources, the sustainable development of the source area of the three rivers is restricted. It also poses an ecological threat to the continued prosperity of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze, the Yellow and the Lantsang rivers. Aiming at this problem, as one of the environmental economic means to adjust the interest relationship between ecological environmental protection and construction stakeholders, ecological compensation with the purpose of protecting the environment and promoting the harmonious development between man and nature, is an important guarantee for promoting balanced and equitable regional development. The Three-River Headwaters Region has made great contributions and sacrifices to the maintenance of national ecological security and the development of the middle and lower reaches. It needs to calculate the moderate standard of ecological compensation of the Three-river-source National Park, innovate in regional sharing model of Ecological Compensation in Three-river-source National Park and explore market-based compensation methods. Constructing a long-term and effective ecological compensation mechanism is an important way to maintain the ecological function of the Three-river-source National Park. Under the background of green and high-quality development strategy in the new era, ecological compensation of national parks is becoming one of the research hotspots of ecological compensation.

This paper focuses on the core theme of measuring moderate standard of ecological compensation and constructing the ecological compensation mechanism of the Three-river-source National Park. First of all, on the basis of literature review，this paper analyzes the current situation of ecological compensation in Three-river-source National Park with theories of economics and environmental ecology. The comprehensive benefit evaluation of ecological compensation is empirically analyzed. And the problems of ecological compensation in Three-river-source National Park are deeply analyzed, which provides a practical reference for the study on the measurement of moderate standard and the construction of ecological compensation mechanism in Three-river-source National Park. Secondly, the mechanism of ecosystem service value compensation in Three-river-source National Park is analyzed by externality theory. Based on the spilt ecosystem service value, it constructs the ecological compensation standard measurement model system of Three-river-source National Park. The ecosystem service value of Three-river-source National Park is calculated with the equivalent factor method of ecosystem service valuing and it is adjusted by principal function method. Then, the self-consumption of ecosystem service value of Three-river-source National Park is calculated by water footprint method, which is eliminated from the adjusted ecosystem service value. Thus, we get the appropriate ecological compensation standard of Three-river-source National Park. And the opportunity cost method is used to estimate the ecological compensation standard of Three-river-source National Park to compare. Thirdly, it explores "Three-river-source National Park" model of ecological protection and water resources compensation in terms of the compensation mechanism of water resources in the horizontal basin. This paper selects Indicators such as population proportion, water consumption, regional area and per capital GDP to construct the comprehensive coefficient for measuring the lateral sharing of ecological compensation in water source area is constructed. And the horizontal proportion and amount of ecological compensation in the source zone of the Yangtze River and the source zone of the Yellow River are calculated. Finally, this paper elaborates the construction of ecological compensation mechanism in Three-river-source National Park from four aspects: the definition of the subject and object of compensation, reasonable determination of compensation standard, the selection of compensation methods and the supporting mechanism. The specific research methods of this paper are as follows:This paper uses the analytic hierarchy process and entropy method to construct the ecological compensation comprehensive benefit evaluation model of Three-river-source National Park;The equivalent factor method of ecosystem service valuing is used to estimate the moderate standard of ecological compensation in Three-river-source National Park;And a lateral compensation sharing model of Three-river-source National Park is established by using the comprehensive index sharing coefficient method.

The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) The ecological protection of Three-river-source National Park is a long and arduous task. Ecological compensation of Three-river-source National Park still faces great challenges. It lacks top-level design at the national level. The standard of ecological compensation is too low. And it lacks stable long-term mechanism of benefit compensation. (2) From the score of the three benefits and comprehensive benefits, the Three-river-source National Park as a whole is a lagging type of ecology and economy. The coupling degree C value of ecological, economic and social benefits is high. The degree of coupling coordination increases year by year. But there is still a big gap between coupling coordination degree and high quality coordination. (3) In Three-river-source National Park the behavior of ecological environment protection produces more ecosystem services. The supply of ecosystem services generates positive externalities. The path of internalization of positive externalities is ecological compensation. Compensation is based on the spillover of ecosystem services value. Ecosystem service value of Three-river-source National Park is the residual value of ecosystem service after excluding its own consumption, which is the basis of compensation, and it is the appropriate standard for ecological compensation. (4) This paper puts forward the idea of sharing as follows: Ecological compensation funds should be jointly borne by the water source of the national park, the middle and lower reaches of the river basin and the state. Ecological compensation can be divided into three stages: trial stage, perfect stage and stable stage. And the proportion of compensation funds borne by the state will be gradually reduced. Then this paper selects Indicators such as population proportion, water consumption, regional area and per capita GDP to construct the comprehensive coefficient for measuring the lateral sharing of ecological compensation in water source area was constructed. (5) The subject of ecological compensation in Three-river-source National Park includes the central government and the local government, the beneficiary regions, the beneficiaries of natural resources exploitation and the park tourists. The object of ecological compensation in Three-river-source National Park includes the local government where Three-river-source National Park is located, aboriginal people in the national park, National Park Management Agency, academic groups and environmental organizations or individuals associated with national parks, and the exploitation of natural resources built into national parks. (6)The mode of government compensation, market compensation and social compensation can all play a role in the practice of ecological compensation in Three-river-source National Park. The three kinds of compensation methods realize mutual coupling in blending and interaction. Then it improves compensation efficiency. Ecological compensation in Three-river-source National Park should build the diversified ecological compensation mode system which uses government compensation as the leading, market compensation as the platform and social compensation as the auxiliary.

The main innovations of this paper are as follows: (1) This paper takes the construction of ecological compensation mechanism in Three-river-source National Park as research object, which is the innovation of research object. (2) The content innovations concludes: The comprehensive benefit evaluation of ecological compensation is empirically analyzed; The mechanism of ecosystem service value compensation in Three-river-source National Park was analyzed by externality theory; It establishes a model to measure the appropriate standards for ecological compensation in Three-river-source National Park; It will innovate the mode of sharing ecological compensation funds for Three-river-source National Park. (3) The research method is deepened and improved based on the existing research.

Read the article here:    三江源国家公园生态补偿适度标准测算与补偿机制构建研究_张慧.pdf